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CHAPTER XVII.

The difficulties of carrying into effect the proposed scheme of settling the affairs of the bank continuing to increase, a very small body of the creditors determined to resort to legal proceedings. Two or three actions were commenced; and as it was impossible for Mr. Roscoe to satisfy these persons by the payment of their demands, which would have been an act of injustice to the other creditors, he was compelled to confine himself to his house in order to preserve his personal liberty. It now became obvious, that the further prosecution of the plan which had so deeply engaged his thoughts, and so completely occupied his time since the suspension of the payments of the bank, had become impossible; and a commission of bankruptcy having issued, all the partners in the concern were declared bankrupts. Thus the blow which Mr. Roscoe had so long endeavoured to avert at length descended upon him; but his fortitude and submission enabled him to bear with composure the destruction of the hopes he had so long cherished.

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The feelings of his mind under this calamity are well represented in the following short extract from a letter to Mrs. Rathbone:—

In another letter to Sir James Smith he says, “As to my unfortunate partnership concerns, you will have heard that, after all my labour, I have been obliged to relinquish the management into other hands; but, notwithstanding this, I by no means regret the effort. If I have not been able (chiefly from the wretched state of the times, and the fall in all kinds of property,) to accomplish what I expected, I have done more than could otherwise be effected, and this will be a consolation to me under any circumstances in which I can be placed.”

The final surrender of his property, and of the management of it into other hands, did not prevent those creditors who had resorted to legal proceedings from still pursuing them; and it was only by the allowance of his certificate of conformity that his person could be protected. The

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sense entertained of his conduct by the great body of his creditors was manifested by the almost unexampled celerity with which the requisite number of signatures were affixed to the certificate; but in consequence of a petition against its allowance being presented to the Chancellor by two of the individuals who wished to render their proceedings at law available against his person, the protection which the certificate would have afforded was delayed for several months. During this interval of painful suspense Mr. Roscoe retired to his farm at Chat Moss, where he was compelled to confine himself wholly to the house, debarred even from the exercise necessary to his health. Harassing as this situation was, his mind still remained undepressed; and his letters to his family were full of the unaffected cheerfulness with which he bore the annoyances and inconveniences of his confinement.

Disengaged at length from the deep anxieties with which for the last four years his life had been attended, he recurred with natural ardour to those pleasant pursuits which had been so often the employment of his happier days. He endeavoured, and not without success, to dismiss from his mind the unavailing regrets which the recollection of the past occasioned, and to apply himself anew to the literary studies for which he still

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felt so high a relish. Two subjects in particular pressed upon his attention,—the defence of his historical works against the criticisms of M. de Sismondi and others, and some additional observations on the question of penal jurisprudence. In prosecuting the former subject, the Italian poets again came under his notice; and the gratification which their pages afforded him is expressed in the following letter:—

“During my visit here, I have passed many delightful hours in reading Italian poetry, and have had great pleasure in tracing the similarity of sentiment which exists between minds of a similar character, that derive their chief happiness from the exercise of warm and exalted affections; till at length I have convinced myself that there is a community of feeling amongst them wholly independent of chance or circumstance, presence or absence, time or place. Of this I could adduce many beautiful illustrations; but at present I shall only refer to a little detached piece of the celebrated Dante, in which he seems to have sketched the first idea of his Beatrice, whom he has also introduced in his ‘Paradiso’ as his guide through the celestial regions, and whom he appears to have regarded with a warmth and delicacy of passion far beyond what is found in the writings of any other poet, even of Petrarca himself.

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“FROM THE ITALIAN OF ‘DANTE ALIGHIERI.’

“‘Of loveliest feature and of lightest form, A stranger here, to glad your sight I come, With interview of heaven—pleas’d to perform The task assign’d—then seek my native home— Scattering delight where’er my course I bend, That whoso sees me, and refrains from love, Of love is all insensible,—for when Nature, from Him whose gracious will did send Me here, entreated I might be, oh! then To perfect me with beauty all things strove: The stars rain’d lustre in my eyes, that beam’d With mild attemper’d light, and heavenly charms In earthly mould were first to mortals shown: Yet not alike on all this radiance flam’d; His heart alone the glow celestial warms, Who from another’s bliss derives his own.’— This sentence once ’t was mine to trace, Bright beaming from an angel’s face, But by too ardent passion fir’d I nearly at the sight expir’d; Nor for the deep and hopeless wound, Sent from those eyes of heavenly blue— By one whose power too well I knew, Have I as yet a balsam found.”

Since the publication of his tract on penal jurisprudence, in the year 1819, the attention of Mr. Roscoe had continued to be directed to the same important and interesting enquiries. The additional information which he had derived from America, so valuable in every respect, and the animadversions which had been made in some quarters upon his opinions, had induced him to

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contemplate a second publication on the same subject; though, at the same time, the small share of public notice bestowed upon his former work almost discouraged him from making any further attempt. In this state of mind he addressed the following letter from Chat Moss to a friend who had always taken the greatest interest in these efforts to disseminate better principles of criminal jurisprudence:—

“Under these impressions, I yesterday took a

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longer walk over the Moss than some of my friends would perhaps have approved; and had the satisfaction to observe some small plantations, of only a few years’ growth, flourishing in great vigour in the native soil; a circumstance which led me to reflect, with some self-reproof, on my own negligence or mistake, in not having long ago planted this extensive waste in a similar manner, by which it would, at this time, have been highly valuable. On examining into the cause of this error, I found it had arisen from the conviction that the Moss soil would not grow plants of any value, being of too cold and intractable a nature; and, consequently, that the labour and expense of planting upon it would be thrown away. The evidence to the contrary now before my eyes served, however, to correct this mistake; and, as the proverb says, ‘It is never too late to mend,’ I should, probably, if now in my power, avail myself of my past omission.

“Leaving this, however, to events over which I have no control, I could not help applying the same reasoning to another subject, in which I am equally interested; and asking myself whether, in abandoning our projected publication, I was not falling into the same error of which I had before been guilty, and that too on a subject of infinitely greater importance. ‘How do I know,’ I said to myself, ‘that sentiments and

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feelings sincerely given to the public may be without their effect? Or why am I to take it for granted that good seed, if sown, will not vegetate; or just principles, if planted, will not flourish amongst mankind?’ If at the present moment I feel the bitterness of regret in not having raised plantations in this wilderness, what sensations shall I feel if I should ever become conscious that I might have done some essential service to my fellow-creatures, and had neglected it under the idea that it was improbable, from their intractable dispositions, that it could produce any beneficial effect?

“There are,” says Mr. Roscoe, in his “Life of Pope,” “certain periods in a person’s life, as there are certain stations in the course of a traveller, when he thinks it proper to look back on the track he has passed, for the purpose of reviewing what he has accomplished, and of estimating whether the strength he has left be sufficient to finish what yet remains to be done.” One of these periods had now arrived in the life of Mr. Roscoe, when, after a painful retrospect of the past, it became his duty to determine his course of life for the future.

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While the affairs of the bank remained under his management, the only object he had in view was their final and satisfactory adjustment. He was, it is true, a partner in the new banking house, but the active direction of that concern was necessarily left to the other partners. He was now once more the master of his own time, and it became a matter of great consideration, in what manner his future life should be disposed of. Harassed and grieved as he had been at the failure of his plan for the payment of all the creditors in full, and worn down by the incessant labour and anxiety of superintending his affairs, he was strongly tempted to take this opportunity of retiring at once from all active pursuits, and of passing the remainder of his life in the seclusion of Chat Moss. But the reflection that, even at his advanced period of life, his personal exertions might still be rendered available in the service of his family, and of the public, induced him to abandon the idea of retirement, and to return once more to the active duties of life. In the following letter he has disclosed very fully the motives which influenced him to adopt this resolution:—“The question, which ever since the unfortunate result of our bank concerns has occupied my thoughts by night and by day, has been whether it is incumbent on me, in duty to my family, my friends, my character, and my peace of mind, to continue (if practicable) in

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public life, or to withdraw myself into a retired situation.

“I will not, however, deny that these feelings, severe as they may be, are counterbalanced by others of an opposite tendency, and that the flattering hope that I may yet be able to render my humble efforts at utility serviceable to those

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to whom I am so greatly indebted,—that I may experience the benefits of those public institutions to the establishment of which I have in some degree contributed, and above all, that I may enjoy the friendship and society of those to whom I am bound, more by the ties of affection than even by those of gratitude,—has reconciled me to a result which I should once have thought it would have been impossible for me to sustain.

“This determination being once made, brings with it many consequences of considerable importance in the arrangement of my concerns, and clears the way as to my future conduct. Involved as I have been, rather by unsought-for inducements, than by premeditated intention, in several extensive undertakings, I have at least derived from them a conviction of the impolicy of being led into engagements of this nature, in which I have been accountable for the errors of others as well as my own. Since I came to this place, it is true, I have found reason to form

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a still more favourable opinion of my agricultural improvements than I before entertained, and have little doubt but that, by proper measures, this great undertaking may be rendered productive of considerable benefit. But this no longer rests with me. If I am again destined to my station in the centre of a busy town, I cannot but see that these objects are become incompatible. The public judge, and can only judge, by the result; and I can only expect the public confidence, by cutting off every engagement and employment which can be supposed to interfere with my more important pursuits. I have, therefore, abandoned all thoughts of taking up my habitation here; and, if I see this place in future, it will only be as a visiter to my son James, in case he and his family should be established here under some arrangement for that purpose; which may perhaps be the case; as I think it scarcely to be expected that any other person will, in these times, be found to undertake so laborious a task. Other concerns I have none; and in the circle of my own family, the society of my friends, and such resources as I may be able to find in the contracted limits of my literary pursuits, I shall look forward, with humble confidence, to the enjoyment of as much happiness as it is usual for human life to obtain.”

During the long and tedious inquiry which

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took place in the court of Chancery respecting the allowance of his certificate, Mr. Roscoe received the able and gratuitous services of his friends Mr. Basil Montagu and Mr. William Lowndes, formerly his ward; and at length, after a delay of some months, the proceedings terminated in a decision favourable to the wishes of Mr. Roscoe, and his certificate being allowed, he was enabled to return to the society of his family and friends at Liverpool. Though he had resolved, as appears from the letter already given, once more to engage actively in business, yet the state of his health, and more especially the numerous literary undertakings in which he soon engaged, induced him to change this resolution, and to prefer the moderate but secure remuneration which his pen afforded him, to the more ample but uncertain emoluments of a banking concern. He, therefore, in the autumn of the present year, withdrew his name from the firm, and never afterwards took any part in business.

It was at this period that, unknown to himself, several of his friends united together for the purpose of raising a sum of money for his use. This object was accomplished with ease, and the sum of 2500l. was contributed, and vested in trustees for the benefit of himself and his family. The office of communicating to him this kind and liberal act, on the part of his friends, was confided to Dr. Traill, who by his judicious repre-

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sentations, and affectionate remonstrances, succeeded in removing from the mind of Mr. Roscoe the objections which he felt to incur obligations of so serious a nature.

After the great anxieties which he had lately suffered, a change of scene seemed particularly desirable for him; and he was induced, at the solicitation of his friends, to pay another visit to Holkham, where not only were his spirits relieved by enjoying the society of Mr. Coke, but his thoughts were agreeably occupied in the task which he had undertaken of making a catalogue of the manuscript library. It required, however, no inconsiderable effort to tear himself away so soon from the tranquil comforts of his home, and from the society of those attached friends to whom he had been so lately restored. To one of these he thus wrote, soon after his arrival at Holkham:—

“I cannot suffer our honest bookbinder, Jones, to return from this place to Liverpool without a line to assure you, my ever dear friend, that I have done, and am doing, all in my power to carry into effect the advice so kindly given me on all hands on my departure from home, to banish from my mind all that I left behind me, and to attend only to my own pursuits and amusements. In this attempt I have great assistance not only from the place itself, but from the society around me, some of the

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best the kingdom affords, so that I begin to hope I may in time be able to wean myself from what I have left, and to enjoy the present without its being imbittered by the past. I cannot, however, say that I have as yet perfectly succeeded in my attempt, or that the thoughts of friends and home do not sometimes intrude themselves upon me; but these I repel with tolerable success by reflecting that it was high time for me to relieve them from the painful task of hearing complaints of past misfortunes, and to retire to a situation where I must necessarily bear the weight of my own anxieties. That I have made this effort, and still more that I have in some degree succeeded in it, is a matter of some satisfaction to me; and whilst I assume a cheerful countenance, and endeavour to add as much as is in my power to the general amusement, I feel a kind of pride in thinking that no one is rendered unhappy by any thing that passes within my own breast. This self-complaisance, however, is not of any long duration, and I soon begin to perceive that in thus disciplining myself to carry my own burden, I do no more than perform a duty to society, which is, perhaps, performed by every individual around me, and by some in a much greater degree than by myself.”

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“The Duke of Gloucester is to be here on the 9th of next month, and as he has been so good as to express a wish to meet me here, I shall not be able to leave Holkham till about the middle of the month, after which I must pass a few days at Norwich, Cambridge, and Althorp, before my return, and probably I may go to London, respecting which I cannot yet determine.”

During his residence at Chat Moss, in the spring and summer of the present year, Mr. Roscoe had made some progress in preparing for the press his “Illustrations of the Life of Lorenzo de’ Medici,” a volume intended as a reply to the criticisms of M. de Sismondi and other writers upon his work, and which had, at

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intervals, occupied much of his attention for some years. He had also engaged to write a short account of a very extraordinary person, who, in a low rank of life, and in circumstances of the utmost indigence, had acquired an almost perfect knowledge of a variety of languages. For the benefit of this singular man, who had been long known to Mr. Roscoe, and for some time supported by his bounty, this narrative of his history had been planned.

In addition to these labours, Mr. Roscoe had been requested by the booksellers of London to superintend an edition of Pope’s works, and to add to it fresh notes and a new Life of the poet.

With the view of forwarding these various literary undertakings, Mr. Roscoe paid a visit to London in the autumn of the present year (1820). In a letter to Mrs. Roscoe, informing her of his arrival, he says,—“It was with real pain and vexation I passed Linley Wood without calling. After leaving Will there, I had a very stupid journey, with a great lumbering Flamand from Brussels, whom he will remember putting into the coach, who could not speak a word of English, and with whom I was obliged to converse in bad French, and to translate for him, in case of necessity, as our friend the parson did for the Irishman, who had missed his way, and got into France. At best, a drive of 200

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miles, in one of these coaches, is a horrible job, which I hope I shall not often have to repeat. I have as yet seen no one but Charles Aikin and John M’Creery, the former of whom gives me a good account of all the family, except the poor Doctor, who, I fear, is too unwell for me to get a sight of. The latter dined with us, and we had much conversation about our numerous undertakings, which I hope will go on well. I have quite recovered from the effects of my journey, and am about to set to work under the impression of having a good deal of time to myself, which is indispensable to my completing my task.”

The progress of his various labours he describes in the following extract from a letter to Mrs. Rathbone:—

“May I hope, my ever dear friend, that I shall not be thought intrusive in giving you a few lines to inform you that I am settled here as comfortably as the general state of my health, and the absence from those enjoyments which lately constituted so great a part of the happiness of my life, will allow. Almost my whole time is closely devoted to study, and I am already engaged in printing the ‘Memoir of Richard Roberts,’ and my ‘Illustrations of the Life of Lorenzo,’ both of which I hope to complete before I leave town for Norfolk. I am going this evening to dine with my bookseller, Mr. Cadell,

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where I shall meet some of the other proprietors of Pope’s works, and shall hear what is expected from me as to time, of which I must endeavour to obtain, if possible, a little extension. * * * For my own part, notwithstanding the kind accommodation I here meet with, I cannot help considering it as a kind of exile, and already begin to look forwards to the time when I may again find myself enjoying the delicious air of Greenbank, with a mind, if not wholly free from anxiety (for that never has been, nor ever will be my lot), yet with less laborious undertakings than I have on my hands at present.”

As his chief object in this visit was to superintend the printing of the two works which he was about to publish, he made few engagements, though he occasionally enjoyed the society of some of his friends. “I dined with Dr. Parr,” he says, in a letter to Mrs. Roscoe, “at William Lowndes’s on Thursday, and again at Mr. Newnham Collingwood’s (who married the eldest daughter of Lord Collingwood) on Friday. To morrow I am engaged to dine with Fuseli; and on Thursday next with Mr. Cadell, which are all my engagements at present, having cautiously kept out of the way of them. Hitherto I have not made any great progress in my undertakings, although I have devoted to them all the time in my power, reserving a little for exercise. Yesterday Robert and I paid a visit to old Palace Yard,

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and saw the great alterations made in the neighbourhood; visited the House of Lords and Commons, &c., and afterwards the Prince Regent’s new street, opposite Carlton House, a collection of plaistered buildings, better calculated for show than duration.” In another letter he says, “The days pass with such rapidity, in consequence of my being so fully employed, that I can scarcely believe I have already made so long a stay here. But I shall have thrown a great weight off my mind in printing Lorenzo and Dick Roberts, and shall be enabled to begin with Pope soon, and continue without interruption. The plan I have adopted, however painful it was to me in many respects, is the only one that could have got me clear of the laborious tasks I have undertaken.”

At the end of November, Mr. Roscoe had proceeded so far with the printing of his new works as to be enabled to leave town for Holkham, where he was anxious to complete the task he had undertaken of preparing a catalogue of the magnificent library of manuscripts belonging to Mr. Coke.

Of his progress in this laborious but interesting work he gives some account in the following letter to Mr. M’Creery:—

In a letter to one of his daughters, dated 11th January, 1821, he says, “Accept my best thanks, my dear Jenny, for your last letter; and be assured that nothing can afford me greater pleasure than to hear of the health and happiness of you all, particularly of your mother, whose state of health naturally renders me anxious to hear either from her or of her as frequently as possible. As to myself, I go on precisely in the same way as I have done for some months past, devoting every moment of my time to the task I have undertaken, and only taking as much time to myself as is absolutely requisite for exercise,

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food, and sleep. By this perseverance I have now made a great progress in my undertaking, and have some hopes that, in the course of next week, I shall be able to bring the catalogue as near a conclusion as I can with the materials I have here; but much will still remain to be done after my return.”

During this visit, the birth-day of Lady Anson, who had honoured Mr. Roscoe with her confidence and friendship, was celebrated by him in the following lines:—

“When Anson’s natal day returns, And Holkham’s halls resound with joy, And every youthful bosom burns To share the general ecstasy, Say, shall the voice of friendship dare Awhile thy favouring ear detain, And mingle with the festive cheer A fainter note, a temper’d strain?

“Yes; for whilst mirth and music swell, The heart will ask a pause of bliss, Nor on the rapturous moment dwell With unrestrain’d confidingness: Then—in that interval of peace A deeper feeling it will own, Nor may, perchance, the chord displease, That vibrates to a softer tone.

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“Yet think not that the song severe Would check the tabor’s sprightly sound, Or bid the cheerful train forbear The lively dance, the sportive round; Hard were the heart and dull the soul, That would the festive scene forego, And drop in pleasure’s mantling bowl The tear of retrospective woe.

“Then turn, and with a parent’s joy Survey the gaily circling band, And meet the glance that from the eye Bids all the filial soul expand; And think that thro’ a wider sphere Thy being’s energies extend, And every tender feeling share Of daughter, sister, mother, friend.

“But while thou glad’st the social feast, By all around admir’d, approv’d, By every charm of nature grac’d, In blessing blest, in loving lov’d; And while thy vows in secret prayer, By all around unseen, unknown, The breathings of thy spirit bear, In incense to th’ eternal throne:

“O not for this—that favouring Heaven Thro’ flowery paths thy youth has led, Thy home in splendid bowers has given, And pour’d its blessings on thine head; For many a breast as free from pain As thine has felt the duteous glow, Nor could thy grateful heart restrain Its warm spontaneous overflow.

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“But deeper benefits than these Thy deeper gratitude demand, For He who all thy goodness sees, Has touch’d thee with his weighty hand; And thou, with heart resign’d and pure, Hast bow’d submissive to the stroke, And taught thy spirit to endure His strong control, his powerful yoke.

“O painful trials! only sent To those his searching eye approves, O soul-afflicting chastisement! Unknown to all but those he loves; Who from the lowest depths of woe To higher excellence aspire, As gold that takes a brighter glow, When tried amidst the purging fire.

“Hence, not in grandeur, pomp, and state, Those idols of the vulgar mind, That charm the little and the great, Canst thou thy genuine pleasures find; ’Tis when that chasten’d cheerfulness Thy presence gives to all around, Returns again thyself to bless, Thy heart enjoys the sweet rebound.

“And dearer far to thee the joy Beside the bed of pain to stand, And see thy friend, with grateful eye, Drink health and gladness from thine hand, Than if, ordain’d in courts to shine, Thy steps the midnight revel led, And every gem from India’s mine Blaz’d radiant on thine high plum’d head!

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“For know, amidst this world of strife, By Heaven’s immutable decree, The only draught that sweetens life Is mixt with human sympathy; And they who to a selfish sphere The general bounty would confine, Those high delights must never share That only visit hearts like thine.”

Yet, even amidst the pleasures of Holkham, Mr. Roscoe looked forward with anxiety to the time when he should be restored to that tranquil domestic society, to which, as the infirmities of age increased upon him, he felt doubly attached. “As I find,” he says, in a letter to Mrs. Rathbone, “that you have been so good as to call sometimes at the Mount, you will perhaps have heard how closely I have been employed in getting through the tasks which compelled me to the painful measure I have taken, and which, I assure you, have proved quite as formidable as I had supposed. I find, however, a still greater difficulty in keeping down my own restless and impatient temper, which I endeavour to do, at some times by reasoning with myself on the folly of rebelling against my fate, and at others by promising myself, that when these heavy undertakings are accomplished, I may enjoy some degree of leisure and tranquillity, and may, perhaps, once more wander through the delightful gardens of Greenbank, without the cares and

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anxiety which have hitherto intruded themselves on my steps.

Early in the year 1821 Mr. Roscoe returned to his residence at Liverpool, and resumed with much ardour his literary occupations. Soon after his arrival at home he received a communication from Mr. A. J. Valpy, informing him of his intention to publish a series of Italian authors, in about thirty or thirty-five volumes, and requesting to know whether it would be convenient to him to assume the conduct of the work, so far as related to the selections of the authors, or parts of authors, to be printed. In reply to this communication, Mr. Roscoe, after adverting to the conditions of his engaging in the undertaking, thus proceeds:—

“With the selections that have already been made of the Italian writers I am pretty well acquainted, but know of none that answers the idea of what I conceive such a collection should be. The sketch you have sent me is not less remote from the plan I should be inclined to propose. It is time the world should be made better acquainted with the Italian writers, and par-

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ticularly with their poets, many of whom yet remain almost unknown to us. A similar observation may perhaps be made on their prose writers, whose works may be said to contain a rich mine of instruction and amusement which has scarcely yet been opened.”

In the following letter to Sir James Smith he adverts to this undertaking:—“You will probably have seen, by the public papers, that I have undertaken to give my assistance to Mr. Valpy, in publishing a collection of the Italian poets, in forty-eight volumes, in which it is intended that the works of each author should be introduced by biographical and critical dissertations, extracted from the best literary historians and critics of Italy; a mode which I proposed. You will, perhaps, be more surprised to hear that I have also acceded to a proposal made to me to write a new life of Pope, and publish a new edition of his works; an undertaking of much more labour than the other, and at the present time, in which a sharp contest is carrying on, both as to his moral and poetical character, attended with some peculiar difficulties. From a pretty close examination of the larger editions of his works, I am not, however, greatly discouraged; nor can I help thinking that, however deficient I may be found in some respects, I shall be able to give an edition more just to the character of the author, and more accommodated to the use

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of the general reader than any of those that have been published since the time of Warburton.”

Unfortunately, for want of proper encouragement, Mr. Valpy’s scheme languished and died.

Soon after Mr. Roscoe’s return to Liverpool, the “Illustrations, historical and critical, of the Life of Lorenzo de’ Medici, called the Magnificent,” issued from the press. The object of this work is thus stated by its author, in his prefatory observations:—

“Upwards of twenty-five years have elapsed since the publication of the ‘Life of Lorenzo de’ Medici.’ During that time considerable additions have been made to the political and literary history of Italy; many original and valuable documents have been produced, and the labours of several distinguished writers, as well here as abroad, have given a greater interest to the subject.

“Under these circumstances the history of the life of Lorenzo has occasionally been the object of reference and of criticism; and whilst the merits and talents of that distinguished individual have on the one hand been more fully illustrated, attempts have been made on the other to depreciate his character, and doubts have been thrown out as to his being entitled to the high rank which he has so long held in the general estimation. To collect and to place under one point of view the information which

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has thus been acquired; to give some account of the various writers by whom it has been furnished; to demonstrate that Lorenzo de’ Medici has a just claim to the elevated station which he has so long maintained, and to vindicate the fidelity and accuracy of his English biographer, against the censures of some foreign writers, the effects of which have extended to this country, are the chief motives which have induced him to submit this additional volume to the indulgence of the public.”

Amongst the foreign writers to whom Mr. Roscoe here refers, the principal was the learned and celebrated M. de Sismondi, who, in his “Histoire des Républiques Italiennes du moyen Age,” has attempted to show that the character of Lorenzo de’ Medici, drawn by his English biographer, is partial and incorrect; that, in his political conduct, he was guilty of oppression towards his countrymen, and that, so far from meriting the high eulogiums that had been pronounced upon him, he was not even to be considered as possessing superior merits in poetry, in philosophy, or in art. The other writers, whose criticisms, chiefly relating to the literary merits of Lorenzo de’ Medici, are noticed and replied to in the Illustrations, are Lorenzo Pignotti, in his “Storia della Toscana;” Professor Pozzetti, in his “Due dissertazioni sopra alcuni passi della vita di Lorenzo de’ Medici, scritta

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dal Dottore Guglielmo Roscoe;” and the celebrated Abate Andres, in a manuscript critique, forwarded to Mr. Roscoe from Italy.* The opinions and remarks of these writers are canvassed at considerable length in the Illustrations, and controverted, not only by the author’s own observations, but by the judgment and authority of many of the great scholars of Italy, whose sentiments coincide with his own. With what success this defence of his work is executed, those who are conversant with the early literary history of Italy will judge.

“In laying before the public,” he says, at the conclusion of his prefatory observations, “such additional proofs and documents as the kindness of my friends, or my own researches, have placed within my power, for vindicating the representations which I have already given to the public of the life and character of Lorenzo de’ Medici, I trust it will not be understood, that I conceive that the work to which they relate stands in need of any other evidence, to satisfy any impartial and candid mind, than such as it bears within itself, and is confirmed by the very numerous authorities to which I have there diligently referred. From these it will sufficiently appear, that the man, whose character I have attempted to illustrate, was not only distinguished above

* Vide ante, vol. i.

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the rest of his countrymen, but, when considered with respect to the variety and extent of his talents, was one of the most extraordinary persons that any age or country has produced—that to whatever subject he applied himself, he displayed that superiority and originality which genius alone can give—that in his intimate acquaintance with the philosophy of the times, in the variety of his poetical compositions, in the acknowledged refinement of his taste, and his encouragement of the fine arts, he has few equals in any of these departments, and in the union of them all was certainly never excelled. But a much higher praise awaits him. Whatever efforts may have been made to deprive him of honours so justly his due, it was he who was the first person in modern times to oppose to the lawless violence and outrage of war the voice of reason, and the dictates of justice and common sense; to perceive the political relations of the different states of Christendom, and to balance and reconcile their various interests so as to produce the general tranquillity; and to set an example, which, if it had been successfully followed, might have prevented ages of contention and bloodshed, and enabled us to date from the commencement of the sixteenth century the great career of human improvement. But although I feel confident that these will be the convictions of every impartial reader of his short

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but active life, I have not thought it advisable to suffer his memory to rest without a further vindication. Having, through a sincere and disinterested admiration, endeavoured to raise a monument worthy of his fame, I cannot remain in silent indifference, and suffer it to be defaced by the hands of prejudice and malice, or insulted by the attacks of ignorance and spleen: I have, therefore, endeavoured to secure it by an additional defence, which may keep at a distance the rude feet that would trample on his ashes, and may secure my own labours against similar attacks.”

The nature of this publication, consisting of a series of detached criticisms, not connected by any continued narrative, was not such as to render it generally popular. It must, however, always be regarded as an indispensable appendage to the “Life of Lorenzo de’ Medici,” and as conferring no inconsiderable additional value upon that work.

Mr. Roscoe having transmitted a copy of the “Illustrations” to his learned correspondent, the Canonico Moreni of Florence, it was by that accomplished scholar placed in the hands of one of his friends, Signor V. Pecchioli, by whom a version of it into Italian was published at Florence in the year 1823, with the omission of the Appendix. On receiving a copy of this translation, Mr. Roscoe addressed the following letter to Signor Pecchioli:—

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A copy of the “Illustrations” was forwarded to M. de Sismondi, who acknowledged the receipt of it in the following letter:—

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To this letter Mr. Roscoe immediately sent the following reply:—

Some time after this correspondence, Mr. Roscoe had the pleasure of becoming personally acquainted with M. de Sismondi, who, during a visit to England, passed a few days at the house of Mr. W. S. Roscoe, near Liverpool. The intelligent conversation and the courteous and friendly manners of this distinguished foreigner attracted the warm regard of Mr. Roscoe; and no one who witnessed the mutual pleasure they found in one another’s society, would have recognised the meeting of two literary controversialists.

Nearly at the same time with the Illustrations of the Life of Lorenzo de’ Medici, the little memoir of the extraordinary person already referred to appeared, under the title of a “Memoir of Richard Roberts Jones, of Aberdaron, in the county of Carnarvon, in North Wales, exhibiting a remarkable instance of a partial power and cultivation of intellect.” This most singular person, who is still living, and who con-

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tinues to display a love of learning and an extent of erudition seldom exhibited within the walls of schools or universities, united with a want of common sense amounting almost to idiocy, and a squalor and wretchedness of appearance of which a common mendicant would be ashamed, was first introduced to the notice of Mr. Roscoe in the early part of the year 1806. The impression which his extraordinary appearance and acquirements made upon Mr. Roscoe at this time is described in the following letter to Dr. Parr, who had unfortunately left Allerton just before the appearance there of the Welsh scholar:—

This extraordinary being was immediately taken by Mr. Roscoe under his protection. His rags were replaced by decent clothing, and a comfortable bed was prepared for him at night. So little, however, was he accustomed to the usages of civilised life, that, instead of getting into the bed, he crept under it. Such, also, was his attachment to the squalid habits in which he had lived, that it was with the utmost difficulty he could be persuaded to submit to those ablutions which were absolutely necessary to render a near conversation with him agreeable or, indeed, safe. One of Mr. Roscoe’s first objects was to provide him with some employment to which he had been accustomed, and upon enquiry, it appeared that he had been brought up to the occupation of a sawyer. The sequel is thus told in the memoir.

“A recommendation was given him to a person who employed many hands in sawing, and Richard was put down in the sawpit. He accordingly commenced his labours, and proceeded for some time with a fair prospect of success. It was not long, however, before his efforts re-

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laxed, and grew fainter and fainter, till at length he fell on his face, and lay extended at the bottom of the pit, calling out loudly for help. On raising him up, and inquiring into the cause of his disaster, it appeared that he had laboured to the full extent of his arms’ length, when, not being aware that it was necessary he should also move forwards his feet, and being quite breathless and exhausted, he was found in the situation described. As soon as he had recovered himself, he returned to the person who sent him, and complained loudly of the treatment he had received, and of his being put under ground. On being asked, why he had represented himself as a sawyer, he replied that he had never been employed in any other branch of sawing than cross-cutting the branches of timber trees when fallen in the woods in Wales.”

Other attempts were made to discover a suitable employment for Richard, but in vain. He was placed in the office of a printer in Liverpool, where it was supposed his complete knowledge of the dead languages might render his services useful; but his inaptitude for business, and his inattention to the common decencies of personal cleanliness, soon terminated the engagement. At Allerton, many persons of distinguished learning had an opportunity of witnessing the extraordinary attainments of Richard Roberts, who never failed to leave a deep impression of the

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singular powers of his intellect upon their minds. It was during the visit of Mr. Coke and Dr. Parr at Allerton, in the year 1815, that the following incident, related in the memoir, occurred:—

“One of his friends happened to have a party to dinner, several of whom were persons of considerable literary distinction; when, by the misunderstanding of a message* after dinner, the door opened; and, to the equal surprise of both the host and his guests, Richard entered the room, his whole dress and appearance being grotesque in the highest degree. The curiosity of the company was excited; and, after the mistake to which his introduction was owing had been explained, he was asked several questions in French, to which he gave ready and correct answers. The conversation was then changed to Italian, in which he acquitted himself with equal readiness. To this succeeded an inquiry into his knowledge of Latin and Greek, in which languages he read and translated some passages to the satisfaction of the persons present. One of the party then proceeded to examine him

* The mistake which Mr. Roscoe alludes to was this. Having been conversing with the friends around him on the subject of the instinct of animals, he mentioned to them the singular habits of a Brazilian weasel (the Coati Mondi), which had been presented to him. One of his sons, sitting at the other end of the table, was desired “to bring in the beast;” but, unluckily, not having heard the previous conversation, he conducted Richard Roberts into the dining-room.

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more particularly, when the following dialogue occurred:—

“All the party admitted, that this was a most judicious and excellent method; and Richard withdrew, with expressions of approbation from all present.”

It was on a previous day, during the same visit, that Richard had an interview with Dr. Parr, who immediately plunged into the darkest recesses of ancient learning. The refinements of the Greek language, and the works of the critics who had illustrated it were entered into,

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and gradually the conversation changed to the Hebrew, its peculiar construction and its analogous tongues. Here Richard had evidently the advantage; and after an attempted inroad into the Chaldee, the Doctor rather precipitately retreated, leaving a token of his liberality in the hands of the poor scholar. Richard being afterwards asked what he thought of the learned person with whom he had been conversing, replied, “He is less ignorant than most men.”

Many are the singular and amusing anecdotes recorded of Richard in this Memoir, which concludes with a short comparison between the subject of it and the famous Moses Mendelsohn and the learned Magliabechi. The portrait of Richard, prefixed to it, is from a drawing by Williamson, formerly a portrait painter at Liverpool, of considerable ability. The plate is etched by Mrs. Dawson Turner, of Yarmouth, whose efforts in this branch of art have excited so much admiration amongst her friends. The following letter to Mr. Dawson Turner, relating to this plate, contains an anecdote highly illustrative of Richard’s habits and peculiar turn of mind:—

The profits of the Memoir were employed in supporting the subject of it*; and this little fund was increased by the contributions of some benevolent persons to whom the publication was the means of making him known. The money thus raised, however, has since been exhausted; and Richard, who is still residing in Liverpool, pursuing his learned occupations with unceasing zeal, is sup-

* The following advertisement was prefixed to the Memoir:— “Any profits that may arise from this publication will be applied to make a provision for the person who is the subject of it, and whose destitute situation requires the benevolent aid of those who may be disposed to afford him their assistance. “Subscriptions will be received, and the application of them directed, by the under mentioned.  William Wallace Currie,”  Ambrose Lace,  Samuel Parkes,  William Rathbone,  William Stanley Roscoe,  J. Ashton Yates,  of Liverpool.’

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ported, in scanty comfort, by some of his charitable friends.

The following sonnet was written by Mr. Roscoe while engaged in preparing for the press the “Memoir of Richard Roberts:”—

Child of affliction! hapless was the hour That gave thee birth! Thine infancy, distress; Thy young companions, scorn and wretchedness; And pain and penury thine only dower. Yet amidst this, thine utter helplessness, There is an eye beholds thee; that can see Thy patient sufferings, deep humility, And thy life-pang of conscious uselessness— Nor yet will He, the mighty One, who gave Thy shrouded talents, unaccomplished leave The work his forming hand so well begun; But in his own good time will pour the light Thro’ the thick film that veils thy mental sight, And manifest Himself—an uneclipsed sun.

In the summer of 1822 Mr. Roscoe left his residence in Liverpool, and took a house in Lodge Lane, Toxteth Park, about a mile from the town. In the following letters to one of his daughters he gives some description of his new abode:—

In the course of the present year, Mr. Roscoe lost one of his earliest, and, indeed, one of his latest literary friends, in Dr. Aikin, who died at his house in Stoke Newington, after a long and painful illness. The intimacy had arisen at a very early period of life, during the residence of Dr. Aikin with his father, at the Warrington academy, to which place Mr. Roscoe paid several visits for the purpose of enjoying the society of Dr. Aikin and Dr. Enfield. On the removal of the former from Warrington, he occasionally corresponded with Mr. Roscoe on subjects of literary interest, and the letters of both the parties evince, in a very pleasing manner, their mutual attachment and respect. On the publication of his ‘Memoirs of Huet,’ Dr. Aikin took the opportunity of testifying more publicly his esteem for his friend, in a dedication prefixed to that work, a mark of friendship which Mr. Roscoe acknowledged in the following letter:—

Of the literary correspondence between Dr. Aikin and Mr. Roscoe, the following letter, written by the latter immediately after the perusal of the ‘Life of Huet,’ is a pleasing specimen:—

“I have now gone through the ‘Memoirs of

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Huet,’ and have to return you my most sincere thanks for the entertainment they have afforded me. That the reign of Louis XIV. was distinguished by an extraordinary attention to literature, and by a great number of eminent men, is well known; but it is really surprising to see them pass in review before us; and one cannot but admit the inference which the southern nations of Europe derive from this circumstance, viz. that the sciences and arts may flourish under a monarchical government; but which, after all, will not prove that they flourish as well as under a more popular form, and of this, the ‘Memoirs of Huet’ afford sufficient proofs. With respect to Huet, he seems to have acquitted himself of the difficult task of an autobiographer as well as could be expected; but, like many others who have attempted it, he will have added but little to his permanent fame by this portion of his labours. In fact, this mode of writing is full of insuperable difficulties. In order to avoid the imputation of vanity, the author is obliged to omit whatever is favourable to his character, whilst all that is to his disadvantage is taken for granted, on the best possible evidence. Is it possible to suppose that two of the greatest men of the last century could have passed through life with so total a disregard to the welfare of others, and such a selfish attachment to their own little narrow gratification, as Rousseau and Gibbon ap-

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pear to have done? and may we not reasonably suppose that our good bishop in the course of his life performed many acts of beneficence, besides obtaining for the Jesuits the right of enclosing a walk, of which he deprived the public? I know not, however, that this detracts from the interest of the work. It is the bishop’s own loss; but such is the nature of the human mind that we can very well pardon the omission, and perhaps derive more gratification from the discovery of his failings than we should from the display of his virtues.

“Of your part in this publication, I can only say that it has all the characteristic excellencies of your other writings. The translation reads with all the ease and freedom of an original, and your very numerous and satisfactory anecdotes give double interest to the work. It is with pleasure I trace in this department the same candid spirit and sound judgment as in your other works, but mellowed and improved by the observation and reflection of riper years. I cannot, however, help observing, that if time has mellowed the fruits of your genius, it has not destroyed their original flavour; as a proof of which, I may refer to vol. ii. p. 143., in which I find you still the advocate of ‘those kindly affections by which mankind are held together;’ a cause which I hope we shall neither of us give up but with life.

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“You do me the honour of asking me whether I can point out any other subject of a similar nature to your last, and what I think of a ‘Life of Muratori?’ at the same time suggesting that I may probably have some idea of prosecuting my inquiries into the literature of Italy. If that were the case, there is no one whom I should sooner choose for a fellow-labourer than yourself; but, in fact, I have laid aside all such intentions, and if I can accomplish a little memoir of our ever-lamented friend Currie, shall never more present myself before the public. I am, however, inclined to think that Muratori would not afford you a sufficient foundation on which to build your intended superstructure. Although a man of diversified talent and sound learning, yet I do not know that his connections with persons of great eminence were very extensive; and his epistolary correspondence, of which I have two volumes, is chiefly confined to researches for the materials of his great work on the ‘Antiquities of Italy.’ Even the period, though distinguished by some celebrated characters, and particularly by several excellent lyric poets, would, as I apprehend, be found inferior in point of interest, not only to former times in Italy, but to the contemporary state of literature both in France and England. On this, however, I speak with great hesitation; and should be sorry to deter you from a work which, in your hands,

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could not but be highly instructive. If, however, a choice were to be made between the two subjects you have mentioned, I should prefer the history of English literature, a work which is greatly wanted, and which I am convinced that no one can execute better than yourself. That it will, as you observe, be a work of great extent and labour, cannot be denied, but at the same time the plan might be so formed as to keep it within a reasonable compass, with a chance of rendering it even more popular and more useful than a work upon a very extended plan. All that has hitherto been done by Warton, Percy, Ellis, &c. has had a reference only to the poetry of the country, and their works are, in fact, rather a series of specimens than a history. In this respect, the model you propose would suggest a different mode of execution, more condensed in its matter, but more particular in information; mostly referring the reader to the original works if he wishes to know more on the subject, but relating the progress of each branch of literature in one continued narrative. For a work of this nature, the materials are not difficult to be found; and I should suppose that two volumes in quarto, or four in octavo, might comprise this very interesting work, which I think would be more likely to succeed than any other of a similar nature that I can at present suggest.”

During the publication of the ‘Athenæum,’ a

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periodical work conducted by Dr. Aikin, Mr. Roscoe contributed a few poetical pieces to the pages of that work, together with the memoir of Mr. Rathbone, already noticed, and a very few other articles.

The feelings of Mr. Roscoe on the death of Dr. Aikin are expressed in the following letter to Miss Aikin:—

During the whole of the spring and summer of the year 1823 Mr. Roscoe was closely engaged in preparing for the press the new edition of Pope,

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but in the autumn of that year he made another excursion to London and Holkham. On his journey to the latter place, he was attacked with an illness, arising, probably, from the same causes which a few years afterwards produced more alarming effects. Of this attack, he gave as cheerful a representation as he could in his letters to his family.

“As I presume Mary Anne may have thrown out some hints of my having been so far indisposed on my way to Holkham, as to have got myself into the hands of a doctor, and narrowly escaped ‘losing a little blood,’ I think it may be some satisfaction to you to have a certificate under my own hand that I am yet in the land of the living; and I hope I may also add, recovering from the effects of a feverish attack, which came upon me some days before I left London, but which I hoped would have been removed by the journey. This, however, was not the case; so that I was obliged to stop a night at Fakenham, and to be put under a regular course of discipline, attended by physician, apothecary, &c.; and on the following day, the doctor paid me a visit in state, at Holkham, with which you will judge how greatly I was delighted. This, however, was his last visit; and to cut short the subject, I hope I may consider myself beyond the necessity of further assistance, although, I must acknowledge, I think the prescriptions were of considerable service to me.”

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The following letters to Mrs. Roscoe will give an idea of the engagements and occupations of Mr. Roscoe during this visit to London:—

“As J. C. sets out in the morning on his return to Liverpool, I could not let him depart without a line to inform you that I continue in tolerable health and spirits, and as fully employed as it is possible for me to be. We are now making great progress towards finishing the works of Pope, which will be quite ready by the time desired by the booksellers, and to this almost all my efforts have hitherto been directed. I have also finally settled my agreement with Mr. Graves, for lithographing, printing, and colouring my plants, at a price which I consider very reasonable. On Sunday, Henry and I went to Essex Street Chapel, and heard a Mr. Cannon preach a very good sermon, after which we called on Mr. Belsham, and found him, as he hopes, recovering from his long indisposition. On Tuesday I dined with a scientific party at Dr. Bostock’s; and yesterday I met a literary one at Mr. Cadell’s, and was highly entertained by the conviviality, wit, and excellent singing of Mr. James Smith, Mrs. Cadell’s brother, and one of the authors of the ‘Rejected Addresses.’ On Sunday we are to dine with Miss Duckworth, so that you have the whole of our proceedings. * * * As to what is going on here, I am a perfect stranger, except as far as appears from

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‘The Morning Chronicle,’ which I see every morning at breakfast, and shall send to Liverpool every evening as long as I stay, that you may all be as wise as myself.

* * * * *

“Notwithstanding the kindness I have experienced through all my peregrinations, I am not sorry to reflect that more than one half of the time proposed for my absence is now over, and that within the course of another month I may have the pleasure of seeing you again, when, if I should find you in a state of health equal to my daily wishes and prayers, it will be the greatest blessing that can happen to me.”

In another letter, written a few weeks after the preceding, he says, “Our frolic is now nearly over, and we have taken places in the Liverpool mail for to-morrow evening. We shall not, however, proceed direct to Liverpool, having received an invitation from Mr. and Mrs. Caldwell to stop at Linley Wood, which we have promised to do; so that we shall not reach home before Saturday. I will not attempt to express to you the extreme hurry in which I have lived since my arrival in London, where I have scarcely had a moment to myself, and am obliged to write in great haste this line, to acquaint you with our plans. This morning I breakfasted with Sir Thomas Lawrence, am going to dine at Mr. Duckworth’s, and pass the evening at

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Dr. Southwood Smith’s, which you may take as a sample of my proceedings. I have, however, accomplished in a great degree the various objects which brought me to town, and some others which I did not expect, particularly the publication of a new edition of Lorenzo and Leo, to which Cadell has consented.”

A number of the gentlemen of Liverpool, friends to the abolition of slavery, having shortly before this time formed themselves into a society to promote this great object, Mr. Roscoe was requested by them to fill the office of president of the society, a request to which he cheerfully yielded. It having been thought proper, in the spring of the present year, that a Declaration of the objects which the society had in view should be published, Mr. Roscoe consented to prepare this document, which was printed in the shape of a small tract, under the title of “A Declaration of the Objects of the Liverpool Society for promoting the Abolition of Slavery.”*

The tone of this Declaration, though firm, is moderate, and the measures which it recommends seem to offer the most practicable means of accomplishing the final extinction of slavery in our colonies:—

* Liverpool: printed by James Smith; published by Hatchard & Son, and J. & A. Arch, London.

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“The system of slavery has been too long continued, and its devoted objects have been degraded too low in the scale of humanity, to allow it to be supposed that the act of a moment can repair the injuries and abuses of ages, or that deep-founded habits and inveterate prejudices can be removed, without the adoption of such measures as are indispensably requisite for that purpose. With every disposition on the part of the colonial proprietors to adopt a different system, how would it be possible to accomplish it without some necessary precautions, some deliberate and gradual process, which should progressively give to the slave the feeling of independence without the danger of licentiousness, and enable him to perceive that the necessity of providing for his own subsistence, though less degrading, is not less imperative, than that under which he had before been compelled to return to his daily task.”

In the following passage a reference is made to a former publication of Mr. Roscoe, the “General View of the African Slave Trade.”

“Although little has hitherto been said of the particular mode in which this great object might be most safely and beneficially accomplished, yet it has not wholly escaped the notice of the advocates for the abolition of slavery. So long ago as the year 1788, a plan was published by a member of this society for the gradual im-

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provement of the condition of the slaves in the British colonies, and the consequent termination of the trade for slaves to Africa. By this plan, it was proposed to improve the personal rights of the slaves; to establish courts of judicature independent of merchants or planters; to introduce the laws of England, particularly trial by jury; to punish the wilful murder of a slave by death, which was not then generally the case; to render the testimony of a slave evidence to go to the consideration of a jury; to protect them from wanton and illegal punishment; to enable them to retain property by law; to encourage them to marry; and to grant them exemptions and privileges in proportion to the number of children brought up; to allow them to work, or hire themselves out, on the days of exemption; to provide for their religious instruction and attendance on divine worship; and to allow them to purchase their freedom on certain terms; with such other regulations as seemed necessary to raise them in the scale of society, preparatory to their final emancipation. In addition to these internal regulations, the due attention of the proprietors to the increase and improvement of their slave population was proposed to be promoted by a duty upon every slave imported, which would be increased at different periods till the year 1800, when it was proposed entirely to prohibit the trade.

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“Had this or any plan of a similar nature been carried into effect, the consequence would have been, that an immediate alteration would have taken place in the condition of the slave, which, by a gradual process, would have rendered him capable of still higher improvement; that seven years before the declared abolition of the slave trade by the British legislature, that trade would have been effectually abolished, and the colonies at this day would have been able to resist the competition of any other part of the world; whilst, with the continuance of slavery, they are now in a much more unfavourable state than when such publication took place.

“Whether it may be thought proper to resort to these or similar measures, for gradually relaxing the bonds of slavery, and giving to its unfortunate victims the rank and feelings of human beings, it must rest with the legislature of Great Britain, and the prudence and good sense of the colonial proprietors, to determine. That since the publication of the tract last mentioned, many instances have occurred of the manumission of slaves, some of them on an extensive scale, and with acknowledged advantage to their former owners, is certain; nor is it improbable that measures might be adopted which might render such result general, within a much shorter time than that before mentioned. To contribute, as far as its efforts can be rendered available, to-

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wards the immediate mitigation of the evils attendant on slavery, and to obtain its entire abolition as soon as it can be accomplished by all reasonable, proper, and effectual means, is the express object of this society, and its resolution is formed, not to desist till such object be accomplished.”

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Charles Rochemont Aikin (1775-1847) The second son of Dr. John Aikin was raised by his aunt, Anna Letitia Barbauld; he was educated at Edinburgh University, and taking over his father's practice, was a London physician.

John Aikin (1747-1822) English physician, critic, and biographer, the brother of Anna Laetitia Barbauld; he edited the Monthly Magazine (1796-1806).

Lucy Aikin (1781-1864) English biographer and historian, the daughter of Dr. John Aikin and niece of Anna Letitia Barbauld, whose works she edited (1825). She published in the Literary Gazette.

Giovanni Andrés (1740-1817) A Spanish Jesuit who was a literary historian in Italy.

Lady Anne Margaret Anson [née Coke] (1779-1843) The daughter of Thomas William Coke, 1st Earl of Leicester of Holkham; in 1794 she married Thomas Anson, first viscount Anson.

William Belsham (1752-1827) English nonconformist writer; author of Essays, Philosophical, Historical and Literary 2 vols (1789, 1791) and A History of Great Britain from 1688 to 1820 (1805-24).

John Bostock (1772-1846) Educated under Joseph Priestley at Hackney and at Edinburgh University, he was a Liverpool physician and from 1817 a medicinal chemist in London.

Sophia Elizabeth Cadell [née Smith] (d. 1848) The daughter of Robert Smith and sister of the poets James and Horace Smith; in 1802 she married the publisher Thomas Cadell.

Thomas Cadell the younger (1773-1836) London bookseller, son of his better-known father; the younger Cadell entered into partnership with William Davies in 1793. In 1802 he married Sophia Smith, sister of James and Horace Smith of the Rejected Addresses.

Elizabeth Caldwell [née Stamford] (1755 c.-1831) The daughter of Thomas Stamford (d. 1787); in 1786 she married James Caldwell (1759-1838) and was the mother of the novelist Anne Marsh-Caldwell (d. 1874).

James Caldwell (1759-1838) Of Linley Wood; he was an attorney and Staffordshire potter who acted as executor to Josiah Wedgwood in 1794.

King Charles I of England (1600-1649) The son of James VI and I; as king of England (1625-1649) he contended with Parliament; he was revered as a martyr after his execution.

Thomas William Coke, first earl of Leicester of Holkham (1754-1842) Whig MP for Norfolk (1776-84, 1790-1807, 1807-32) and Derby (1807); an agricultural reformer, he was a follower of Charles James Fox raised to the peerage in 1837.

Cuthbert Collingwood, first baron Collingwood (1748-1810) Naval commander who took command at Trafalgar following the death of Nelson, for which he was raised to the peerage.

James Currie (1756-1805) Scottish physician educated at Glasgow University; he practised in Liverpool and was the editor and biographer of Robert Burns.

William Wallace Currie (1784-1840) The son of the biographer of Robert Burns; he was mayor of Liverpool (1833-36).

Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) Florentine poet, the author of the Divine Comedy and other works.

Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester (1533-1588) The favorite of Queen Elizabeth and subject of Walter Scott's historical novel Kennilworth.

George Ellis (1753-1815) English antiquary and critic, editor of Specimens of Early English Poets (1790), friend of Walter Scott.

William Enfield (1741-1797) Educated at Daventry Academy, he was a Unitarian minister at Warrington and belles-lettres at the Warrington Academy; he school anthology, The Speaker (1774), was often reprinted.

Henry Fuseli (1741-1825) Anglo-Swiss painter who settled in England in 1764 and became the friend of William Blake.

Edward Gibbon (1737-1794) Author of The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776-1788).

Robert Graves (1798-1873) English line engraver who exhibited at the Royal Academy; in 1836 he engraved Thomas Phillips's portrait of Lord Byron as his diploma picture for the Royal Academy.

Hesiod (700 BC fl.) Greek poet; author of The Works and Days.

Jane Elizabeth Hornblower [née Roscoe] (1797-1853) English poet, the daughter of William Roscoe; in 1838 she married Francis Hornblower (1812-53), a Unitarian minister.

Pierre-Daniel Huet, bishop of Avranches (1630-1721) French scholar, the editor of the Delphin Classics; his biography was written by John Aikin.

King James VI and I (1566-1625) King of Scotland (1567-1625) and England (1603-1625).

Mary Anne Jevons [née Roscoe] (1795-1845) English poet, the eldest daughter of William Roscoe; in 1825 she married Thomas Jevons (1791-1855). She edited The Sacred Offering: a Poetical Annual.

Thomas Jevons (1791-1855) Iron manufacturer, who in 1825 married Mary Anne, the eldest daughter of William Roscoe; their son, William Stanley (1835-1882), was a notable economist.

John Jones (1771 c.-1831) Liverpool bookbinder and librarian of the Liverpool Athenaeum. William Roscoe was a patron.

Richard Roberts Jones [Dick of Aberdaron] (1780-1843) Welsh autodidact and eccentric whose facility in ancient and modern languages attracted the attention of his patron, William Roscoe.

Ambrose Lace (1793 c.-1870) Of Beaconsfield, a Liverpool attorney and developer; he was the son of Joshua Lace, a law-partner of William Rosoce.

Sir Thomas Lawrence (1769-1830) English portrait painter who succeeded Joshua Reynolds as painter in ordinary to the king (1792); he was president of the Royal Academy (1820).

Louis XIV, king of France [the Sun King] (1638-1715) The son of Louis XIII (d. 1643); he was King of France 1643-1715.

William Lowndes (1792 c.-1850) The son of Richard Lowndes of Liverpool (d. 1801); educated at Manchester School and Brasenose College, Oxford, he was a barrister, Queen's Counsel, and book collector acquainted with Samuel Parr and William Roscoe.

John M'Creery (1768-1832) Born in Ireland, he was a Liverpool printer patronized by William Roscoe, and from 1805 in London; William Hazlitt was a friend.

Antonio Magliabecchi (1633-1714) Italian scholar who catalogued the manuscripts in the Biblioteca Laurenziana and collected a vast personal library.

Gaetano Mecherini (1839 fl.) Italian poet and translator.

Lorenzo de' Medici (1449-1492) The son of Cosimo; he was a Florentine oligarch, poet, and patron of the arts.

Moses Mendelssohn (1729-1786) German philosopher and writer on aesthetics, friend of Lessing thought to be the inspiration for Nathan der Weise.

Basil Montagu (1770-1851) An illegitimate son of the fourth earl of Sandwich, he was educated at Charterhouse and Christ's College, Cambridge, and afterwards was a lawyer, editor, and friend of Samuel Romilly, William Godwin, and William Wordsworth.

Domenico Moreni (1763-1835) Florentine scholar and biographer.

Ludovico Antonio Muratori (1672-1750) Italian historian and man of letters, the author of Rerum italicarum scriptores, 25 vols (1723-51) and Annali d'Italia, 12 vols (1745-49).

George Lewes Newnham Collingwood (1782-1837) English poet and barrister educated at Harrow, Trinity College, Cambridge, and Lincoln's Inn; he married Sarah, daughter of Cuthbert, first baron Collingwood (1748–1810).

Hon. Sarah Newnham [née Collingwood] (1792-1851) The daughter of Cuthbert, first baron Collingwood (1748–1810); in 1816 she married George Lewes Newnham.

Sir Anthony Panizzi (1797-1879) A carbonaro who escaped to London in 1823 where he became professor of Italian at University College London before becoming an influential librarian at the British Museum (1831). He was a friend of Ugo Foscolo.

Samuel Parkes (1833 fl.) Liverpool merchant; the son of John Parkes (d. 1851) and brother of Joseph Parkes (1796-1865), like his father he was a friend of Samuel Parr.

Samuel Parr (1747-1825) English schoolmaster, scholar, and book collector whose strident politics and assertive personality involved him in a long series of quarrels.

Vittorio Pecchioli (1827 fl.) Of Florence; he translated works by Sir Walter Scott into Italian.

Thomas Percy, bishop of Dromore (1729-1811) Poet, man of letters, and editor of Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (1765); he was a member of Samuel Johnson's circle.

Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) Lyric poet and founder of humanism in Italy.

Lorenzo Pignotti (1739-1812) Italian poet, historian, and physician.

Alexander Pope (1688-1744) English poet and satirist; author of The Rape of the Lock (1714) and The Dunciad (1728).

Pompilio Pozzetti (1760-1815) Italian man of letters; he was professor of history at the University of Bologna.

Hannah Mary Rathbone [née Reynolds] (1757 c.-1839) The only daughter of the ironmaster and philanthropist Richard Reynolds (1735–1816); in 1786 she married the Liverpool merchant William Rathbone (d. 1809).

William Rathbone (1787-1868) The son of William Rathbone (d. 1809); educated under William Belsham at Hackney, he was a Liverpool merchant and advocate of Roman Catholic emancipation.

Henry Roscoe (1800-1836) The youngest son of the historian William Roscoe; he was a barrister on the northern circuit who contributed to the New Monthly Magazine and published the standard biography of his father (1833).

James Roscoe (1787-1829) The son third surviving son of William Roscoe; in 1817 he married Jane Douglas MacGibbon.

Jane Roscoe [née Griffies] (1757-1824) The daughter of William Griffies, a Liverpool linen-draper; in 1781 she married the poet and historian William Roscoe.

Robert Roscoe (1789-1850) The fourth son of the historian William Roscoe; he was clerk to the attorney and poet John Fitchett (1776-1838) whose epic poem King Alfred he completed and published, 6 vols (1841-42).

Thomas Roscoe (1791-1871) The fifth son of the historian William Roscoe; a friend of Ugo Foscolo, he translated Sismondi's History of the Literature of the South of Europe, 4 vols (1823), wrote for the New Monthly Magazine, and published biographies and travel literature.

William Roscoe (1714 c.-1793) The father of the biographer William Roscoe; he was a tavern-keeper and market gardener near Liverpool.

William Roscoe (1753-1831) Historian, poet, and man of letters; author of Life of Lorenzo di Medici (1795) and Life and Pontificate of Leo X (1805). He was Whig MP for Liverpool (1806-1807) and edited the Works of Pope, 10 vols (1824).

William Stanley Roscoe (1782-1843) The son of William Roscoe (d. 1831); educated at Gateacre and Peterhouse, Cambridge, he was a poet and translator employed at his father's bank until it failed in 1816.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) Swiss-born man of letters; author of, among others, Julie ou la Nouvelle Heloïse (1761), Émile (1762) and Les Confessions (1782).

Léonard Simond de Sismondi (1773-1842) Swiss historian of Italian origin; author of L'Histoire des républiques italiennes du Moyen-Age (1809-18).

Sir James Edward Smith (1759-1828) After studying medicine at University of Edinburgh he pursued a career as a botanist and was a founder of the Linnean Society (1788). He published Flora Britannica (1800-04).

James Smith (1775-1839) Solicitor and author; with his brother Horace he wrote Rejected Addresses (1812) and Horace in London (1813).

Thomas Southwood Smith (1788-1861) Physician and Unitarian minister; he was the author of Illustrations of the Divine Government, tending to show that everything is under the Direction of infinite Wisdom and Goodness (1816).

Theocritus ( 300 BC c.-260 BC c.) Greek pastoral poet whose Sicilian verse was imitated by Virgil and many later poets.

Thomas Stewart Traill (1781-1862) Educated at Edinburgh University, he was a Liverpool physician and associate of William Roscoe before being regius professor of medical jurisprudence at Edinburgh in 1832.

Dawson Turner (1775-1858) Of Yarmouth, banker, botanist, and antiquary; he published The Botanist's Guide through England and Wales, 2 vols (1805) and other works.

Mary Turner [née Palgrave] (1774-1850) The second daughter of William Palgrave; a skilled etcher, in 1796 she became the first wife and assistant of the antiquary and botanist Dawson Turner. She was the mother of the scholar Dawson William Turner (1815-1885).

Abraham John Valpy (1787-1854) Son of the Reading schoolmaster Richard Valpy, he was a London printer who specialized in classical texts. With the poet George Dyer he published 141 volumes of Delphin classics (1819-30).

William Warburton (1698-1779) English Divine and man of letters; he was bishop of Gloucester (1759); he was the friend, annotator, and executor of Alexander Pope.

Thomas Warton (1728-1790) English scholar and poet; author of The Pleasures of Melancholy (1747), Observations on the Fairy Queen of Spenser (1754), The History of English Poetry, 3 vols (1774-78). He succeeded William Whitehead as poet laureate in 1785.

William Frederick, second duke of Gloucester [Silly Billy] (1776-1834) The nephew of George III; from 1811 he was Chancellor of the University of Cambridge.

John Williamson (1751-1818) Born in Yorkshire, he was a Liverpool portrait painter patronized by William Roscoe.

John Ashton Yates (1782-1863) The son of John Yates of Liverpool, a Presbyterian minister; he was educated under William Shepherd of Gateacre and was a Liverpool broker and pamphleteer, elected MP for County Carlow in Ireland (1832).

The Athenaeum, a Magazine of Literary and Miscellaneous Information. 5 vols (1807-09). Edited by John Aikin.

The Edinburgh Review, or Critical Journal. (1802-1929). Founded by Francis Jeffery, Sydney Smith, and Henry Brougham, the Edinburgh Review was for decades a principal organ of Whig opinion in Britain.

Morning Chronicle. (1769-1862). James Perry was proprietor of this London daily newspaper from 1789-1821; among its many notable poetical contributors were Coleridge, Southey, Lamb, Rogers, and Campbell.

John Aikin (1747-1822) Memoirs of the Life of Peter Daniel Huet, Bishop of Avranches. 2 vols (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, 1810).

Lucy Aikin (1781-1864) Memoirs of the Court of King James the First. 2 vols (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1822).

Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) “The Paradiso” in The Divine Comedy. (1320 c.). The third of the three parts of the Divine Comedy, the others being the “Inferno” and “Purgatorio.”

Homer (850 BC fl.) The Iliad. (800 BC c.). The tale of Troy, generally read in the translation by Alexander Pope.

Lorenzo Pignotti (1739-1812) Storia della Toscana sino al principato con diversi saggi sulle scienze, lettere e arti. 9 vols (Pisa: Didot, 1813-1814).

Pompilio Pozzetti (1760-1815) Dissertazioni due: sopra alcuni passi della vita de Lorenzo de' Medici detto il Magnifico scritta dal dottore Guglielmo Roscoe. (Bologna: Ramponi, 1810).

William Roscoe (1753-1831) Additional Observations on Penal Jurisprudence, and the Reformation of Criminals; containing Remarks on Prison Discipline, in reply to an Article in the Edinburgh Review, and on the Punishment of Criminals by Solitary Confinement, as proposed in some of the United States of America. (London: T. Cadell, 1823).

William Roscoe (1753-1831) Declaration of the Objects of the Liverpool Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery: 25th March, 1823. (London: Hatchard & Son, 1823).

William Roscoe (1753-1831) A General View of the African Slave-Trade: demonstrating its Injustice and Impolicy: with Hints towards a Bill for its Abolition. (London: R. Faulder, 1788).

William Roscoe (1753-1831) Illustrations, Historical and Critical, of the Life of Lorenzo de' Medici, called the Magnificent. (London: T. Cadell, 1822).

William Roscoe (1753-1831) “The Life of Alexander Pope” in The Works of Alexander Pope, Esq. with Notes and Illustrations by himself and others. To which are added, a new Life of the Author, an Estimate of his Poetical Character and Writings, and Occasional Remarks. 10 vols (London: J. Rivington, 1824).

William Roscoe (1753-1831) The Life and Pontificate of Leo the Tenth. 4 vols (Liverpool: T. Cadell and W. Davies, 1805).

William Roscoe (1753-1831) The Life of Lorenzo de'Medici, called the Magnificent. 2 vols (Liverpool: J. M'Creery, 1795).

William Roscoe (1753-1831) Memoir of Richard Roberts Jones of Aberdaron: in the County of Carnarvon, in North Wales; exhibiting a remarkable instance of a Partial Power and Cultivation of Intellect. (London: T. Cadell, 1822).

William Roscoe (1753-1831) “Mr William Rathbone” in The Athenaeum. Vol. 5 (March 1809): 260-65. Not signed.

William Roscoe (1753-1831) The Works of Alexander Pope, Esq. with Notes and Illustrations by himself and others. To which are added, a new Life of the Author, an Estimate of his Poetical Character and Writings, and Occasional Remarks. 10 vols (London: J. Rivington, 1824). Edited by William Roscoe as an alternative to the Bowles edition.

Léonard Simond de Sismondi (1773-1842) Historical View of the Literature of the South of Europe. 4 vols (London: H. Colburn and Co., 1823). Translated by Thomas Roscoe.

Léonard Simond de Sismondi (1773-1842) Histoire des républiques italiennes du moyen âge. 16 vols (Paris: 1807-1818).

Horace Smith (1779-1849), James Smith (1775-1839) Rejected Addresses: or the New Theatrum Poetarum. (London: John Miller, 1812). By James and Horace Smith, a collection of congratulatory odes on the rebuilding of Drury Lane Theater burlesquing the manners of the popular poets of the day. It ran to more than twenty editions over many decades.

Sydney Smith (1771-1845) “Prisons” in Edinburgh Review. Vol. 36 (February 1822): 353-374.

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INFORMATION FROM TEI HEADER

Source Description:

Author: Henry Roscoe

Title:  The Life of William Roscoe 2 vols (London: T. Cadell, 1833).

Electronic Edition:

Series: Lord Byron and his Times: http://lordbyron.org

Encoding Description: Any dashes occurring in line breaks have been removed.   Obvious and unambiguous compositors’ errors have been silently corrected.

Markup and editing by:  David Hill Radcliffe

Completed May 2012

Publication Statement:

Publisher: Center for Applied Technologies in the Humanities, Virginia Tech

Availability: Published under Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License

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